However, it is important to mention that none of the experimental groups showed any indicators of severe inflammatory response or severe alterations of the histological integrity. According to the inflammatory response, it is worth to mention that this density and arrangement of the scleral collagen fibers avoid the diapedesis of a large number of typical inflammatory cells. histopathologic study (inflammatory response and histological integrity) and spectroscopic analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection configuration. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results Histopathological results showed that this experimental groups treated with stem cells presented a decrease in the inflammatory response, and the Esmolol histological integrity was restored, which contrasted with the experimental group treated with saline answer. Moreover, in the spectroscopic analysis, characteristic bands of biological samples were observed in all tissues, highlighting in healthy tissues the presence of C?=?O bond at 1,745 cm-1, which was not observed in the injured and treated tissues. Also, the absorption spectrum of the tissues treated with embryonic stem cells showed bands whose intensity was high at around 1,080 to 1 1,070 cm-1. It has been reported that these bands are characteristic of pluripotent stem cells. Conclusions Esmolol The implant of embryonic stem cells could be a useful therapeutic treatment after traumatic vision injuries or many other vision diseases to reduce the inflammatory response and restore histological integrity. Furthermore, the spectroscopic technique could be used as a complementary technique Esmolol for detecting stem cell incorporation into various tissues. Introduction Ocular trauma (OT) is defined as trauma caused by blunt or penetrating mechanisms around the eyeball and its peripheral structures, causing tissue damage with different degrees of affection with temporary or permanent visual function compromise [1]. This is Esmolol a worldwide cause of visual morbidity and is a leading cause of non-congenital monocular blindness in children [2]. OT is usually a major cause of preventable blindness worldwide; it constitutes 7% of all corporal injury and 10% to 15% of all vision diseases. It has become the most frequent cause of hospitalization of ophthalmological patients [3]; in the US, the incidence is almost 2.5 million per year [4]. World Health Organization estimates, in its prevention of accidents program, that there are 55 million vision injuries annually, of which 200,000 are open globe injuries [1]. It is reported that worldwide 1.6 million people are blind as a result of ocular injuries, 2.3 million with low visual acuity bilaterally, and 19 million with low vision or monocular blindness [5]. An open OT should be urgently operated [1]. Closure of OT wounds by penetration must restore the anatomy and functional architecture [6]. Owing to surgical Rabbit Polyclonal to IL4 complications, different ways to restore retinal degeneration through some type of transplant have been thought, but, in contrast to solid organ transplants, which only require re-anastomosis of large vessels and ducts, the transplantation of a whole vision would require the restoration of more than a million axonal connections between the inner retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, located several centimeters away [7]. Current medical research has focused mainly on developing therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection and cell replacement. Cell replacement is a novel therapeutic approach to restore visual capabilities on degenerated retinal illness and represents an emerging field of regenerative neurotherapy. Since the discovery of stem cells (SCs), these have been used as a source of cell replacement, so that experimental studies on neural SCs, embryonic SCs (ESCs), and bone marrow SCs are carried out. These studies try to confirm the potential of SC transplantation and the integration in the retina after the transplantation, leading to appropriate visual processing [8, 9]. An SC is usually defined as a cell capable of dividing indefinitely and differentiating into several specialized cell types, not only morphologically but also functionally. According to their origin and developmental potential, SCs are classified as Esmolol totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and unipotent. With this, we can mention two important SC applications: first, their differentiation potential would allow us to use them to regenerate damaged or destroyed tissue; second, the SCs may be used as a gene therapy vehicle in the case of monogenic diseases such as hemophilia or even as an antitumor vehicle or antiangiogenic therapies [7]. For SC therapies, the retina has the optimal combination of ease of surgical access and an ability to observe transplanted cells directly through the clear ocular media [10]. ESCs have been used in retinal vascular disease, Stargardt disease, retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and photoreceptor dystrophy with different methods [10C12]. Furthermore, two clinical trials for SC-based therapies in retinal diseases have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and initiated by Advanced Cell Technology (Santa Monica, CA, USA), which plans to include patients with Stargardt disease and geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [12]. Some studies show the absence of.